The Normans in Normandy: Bibliography--Secondary Sources 1

General

There are two valuable general introductions to medieval history: Laolo Delogu Introduzione allo studio della storia medievale, Bologna, 1994; translated by Matthew Moran An Introduction to Medieval History, Duckworth, (2002) and Olivier Guyotjeannin Les source de l’histoire medievale, Paris, 1998. Guiseppe Sergi L’Idee de Moyen Age: entre sens commun et pratigue historique, Paris, 1998 is valuable on what ‘the Middle Ages’ actually means.

For an introduction to the context of the West Frankish kingdoms, the best general political narrative remains the relevant volumes of the old but not yet superceded Annales de l’histoire de France a l’époque carolingienne series: Auguste Eckel, Charles le Simple, Bibliothèque de l’École des hautes études 124, Paris: Émile Bouillon, 1899; Philippe Lauer, Robert Ier et Raoul de Bourgogne, rois de France, 923–936, BÉHÉ 188 Paris: Émile Bouillon, 1910; Philippe Lauer, Le règne de Louis IV, BÉHÉ 127 Paris: Émile Bouillon, 1900; Ferdinand Lot, Les derniers Carolingiens, Lothaire, Louis V, Charles de Lorraine (954–991), BÉHÉ 87 Paris: Émile Bouillon, 1891. Briefer but more up-to-date are Rosamond McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians London: Longman, 1983 and the earlier chapters of Jean Dunbabin, France in the Making, 843–1180 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985, 2^nd ed., 2001 and Elizabeth M. Hallam and Judith Everard Capetian France 987-1328, 2^nd ed., Harlow: Longman, 2001.

A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World, edited by Christopher Harper-Bill and Elisabeth Van Houts, Woodbridge: Boydell, 2003

Andrieu-Guitrancourt, Pierre. Histoire de l’empire normand et de sa civilisation. Paris: Payot, 1952.

Bachrach, Bernard S. ‘Normandy’, in Medieval England: An Encyclopedia, edited by Paul E. Szarmach, M. Teresa Tavormina and Joel T. Rosenthal, pages 548-49. New York: Garland, 1998.

Bates, David. ‘The Rise and Fall of Normandy, c. 911-1204’, in England and Normandy in the Middle Ages, edited by David Bates and Anne Curry, pages 19-36. London: Hambledon Press, 1994.

Bates, David. ‘West Francia:  The Northern Principalities’, in The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, edited by Timothy Reuter, pages 398-419, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Boüard, Michel de ‘De la Neustrie carolingienne à la Normandie féodale: Continuité ou discontinuité?’ Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 28 (1955): pages 1-14.

Brown, R. Allen. The Normans, Woodbridge: Boydell, 1984.

Brown, R. Allen. The Normans and the Norman Conquest, 2^nd ed. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1985.

Chibnall, Marjorie. The Normans, Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.

Congrès du millénaire de la Normandie (911-1911): Comte rendu des travaux, two volumes. Rouen: Léon Gy, 1912.

Crouch, David The Normans, London: Hambledon Press, 2002

Dastugue, Jean, and Armelle Alduc-Le Bagousse ‘Le peuplement de la Basse-Normandie de l’époque néolithique au IXe siècle’, in Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire médiévales en l’honneur du Doyen Michel de Boüard, pages 75-82. Mémoires et Documents publiés par la Société de l’École des chartes 27. Geneva: Droz, 1982.

England and Normandy in the Middle Ages, editors David Bates and Anne Curry. London: Hambledon Press, 1994.

Histoire de la Normandie, edited Michel de Boüard. Toulouse: Privat, 1970, 2^nd. ed, 2001.

Le Patourel, John. The Norman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976, reprinted, Sandpiper, 1996.

Le Patourel, John. ‘Normans and Normandy’, in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, edited by Joseph R. Strayer, pages 159-70, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1987.

Lifshitz, Felice. ‘La Normandie carolingienne: Essai sur la continuité, avec utilisation de sources négligées’, AN 48 (1998): pages 505-24.

Musset, Lucien. ‘Essai sur le peuplement de la Normandie (VIe-XIIe siècle)’, Nordica, pages 389-402.

Musset, Lucien. ‘Naissance de la Normandie (Ve-XIe siècles)’, in Histoire de la Normandie, pages 75-130. Editor Michel de Boüard. Toulouse: Privat, 1970.

Musset, Lucien. Nordica et Normannica:  Recueil d’études sur la Scandinavie ancienne et médiévale, les expéditions des Vikings et la fondation de la Normandie, Studia nordica 1. Paris: Société des études nordiques, 1997.

La Neustrie: Les pays au nord de la Loire de 650 à 850 (Colloque historique international), editor Hartmut Atsma, two volumes.  Beihefte der Francia 16.  Sigmaringen:  Jan Thorbecke, 1989.

La Neustrie: Les pays au nord de la Loire de Dagobert à Charles le Chauve, edited by Patrick Périn and Laure-Charlotte Feffer. Rouen: Musées et monuments départementaux de Seine-Maritime, 1985.

Neveux, François. La Normandie des ducs aux rois (Xe-XIIx siècle). Rennes: Ouest-France, 1998.

Neveux, François. ‘Quelques aspects de l’impérialisme Normand au IXe siècle en Italie et en Angleterre’, in Méditerranée pages 51-62.

Les normands en Méditerranée, edited by Pierre Bouet and François Neveux, Colloque de Cerisy-la-Salle. Caen: Université de Caen, 1994.

Potts, Cassandra. ‘Normandy’, in Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, edited by William W. Kibler and Grover A. Zinn, pages 668-72. New York: Garland, 1995.

Prentout, Henri. Essai sur les origines et la fondation du duché de Normandie. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1911.

Renault du Motey, Vicomte Henry. Origines de la Normandie et du duché d’Alençon: Histoire des quatre premiers ducs de Normandie et des Talvas, princes de Bellême, seigneurs d’Alençon, de Sées, de Domfront, du Passais et du Saosnois, précédée d’une étude sur le diocèse de Sées au IXe siècle, de l’an 850 à l’an 1085. Paris: Picard, 1920.

Renoux, Annie. ‘Normandie, A: Hochmittelalter’, in Lexikon des Mittelalters, 6: pages 1241-1244. Munich: Artemis, 1993.

Rowley, Trevor. The Normans, Stroud: Tempus, 1999.

Webber, Nick The Evolution of Norman Identity 911-1154, Boydell, 2005 is an important study of Norman identity and how its developed.

 

‘Saxon Normandy’

Alduc-le-Bagousse, Armelle ‘La présence anglo-saxonne en Basse-Normandie au VIe siècle: Colonisation ou commerce?’ in Le phénomène des ‘grandes invasions’: Réalité ethnique ou échanges culturels, l’anthropologie au secours de l’histoire (Actes des Ières journées anthropologiques de Valbonne, 16-18 avril 1981), pages 51-61. Valbonne: Centre de Recherches Archéologiques, 1983.

Fournée, Jean. ‘Deux Saxons de Bayeux: Saint Évreux et saint Marcoul.’ Cahiers Léopold Delisle 17, no. 3-4 (1968): pages 35-54.

Guinet, Louis. Contribution à l’étude des établissements saxons en Normandie, Caen: Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines de l’Université de Caen, 1967.

Levalet, Daniel. ‘Un élément du Litus Saxonum dans la région d’Avranches?’ in Recueil d’études offert en hommage au doyen Michel du Boüard, pages 361-75. Caen: Annales de Normandie, 1982.

Lorren, C. ‘Des Saxons en Basse-Normandie au VIe siècle: A propos de quelques découvertes archéologiques funéraires faites récemment dans la basse vallée de l’Orne’, in Studien zur Sachsenforschung, edited by Hans-Jurgen Hassler, 2: pages 231-259. Hildesheim: Lax, 1980.

Masselin, l’Abbé. ‘Les garrisons du Littus Saxonicum dans la Notitia Dignitatum.’ Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie 32 (1917): pages 37-59.

Moulin, H. ‘Établissement des Saxons sur les côtes de l’Armorique en générale et dans la deuxième Lyonnaise en particulier.’ Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie 8 (1876-1878): pages 26-53.

Pilet, Christian. ‘Quelques témoignages de la présence anglo-saxonne dans le Calvados, Basse-Normandie (France)’ Frühmittelalterliche Studien 13 (1979): pages 357-81.

Prentout, Henri. ‘Litus saxonicum, Saxones Bajocassini, Otlinga Saxonia’, Revue historique 57 (1911): pages 285-309.

Sauvage, R. N. ‘La question de l’Otlinga Saxonia.’ Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie 29 (1913-1914): pages 33-42.

Travers, Émile. ‘Une voie saxonne à Caen’, Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie 7 (1874-1875): pages 179-85.

The Vikings in Normandy (and elsewhere)

Albu (Hanawalt), Emily. ‘Scandinavians in Byzantium and Normandy’, in Peace and War in Byzantium: Essays in Honor of George T. Dennis, S.J., pages 114-122, editors Timothy S. Miller and John Nesbitt. Washington D.C.: Catholic University Press, 1995.

Amory, Frederic. ‘The Dönsk Tunga in Early Medieval Normandy: A Note’, in American Indian and Indoeuropean Studies: Papers in Honor of Madison S. Beeler, pages 279-290, editors Kathryn Klar, Margaret Langdon and Shirley Silver. The Hague: Mouton, 1980.

Boüard, Michel de ‘Du nouveau sur les Vikings? A propos de quelques travaux récents’, Annales de Normandie 5 (1955): pages 3-13.

Breese, Lauren Wood ‘The Persistence of Scandinavian Connections in Normandy in the Tenth and Early Eleventh Centuries’, Viator 8 (1977): pages 47-61.

Bröndal, Viggo. ‘Le normand et la langue des Vikings’, Normannia 3 (1930): pages 747-753.

Corbett, William John. ‘The Development of the Duchy of Normandy and the Norman Conquest of England’, Contest of Empire and Papacy, pages 481-520, editors J. R. Tanner, C. W. Previté, and Z. N. Brooke, corrected edition, The Cambridge Medieval History 5. Cambridge: CUP, 1943.

Coupland, Simon ‘The Rod of God’s Wrath or the People of God’s Wrath? The Carolingian Theology of the Viking Invasions’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 42 (1991): pages 535-554.

Douglas, David C. The Norman Achievement, 1050-1100, Methuen, 1969.

Douglas, David C. The Norman Fate, 1100-1154, Berkeley: Methuen, 1976.

Dubois, Thomas A, Nordic Religions in the Viking Age, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.

Elisabeth Deniaux, Claude Lorren, Pierre Bauduin and Thomas Jarry La Normandie avant les Normands de la conquête romaine a l’ arrivée des Viking, Rennes, 2002

Gilmore, Carroll.  ‘War on the Rivers:  Viking Numbers and Mobility on the Seine and Loire, 841-886.’ Viator 19 (1988):  pages 80-109.

Haenens, Albert d’ ‘Les invasions normandes dans l’Empire franc au IXe siècle’, I Normanni e la loro espansione in Europa nell’alto medioevo, Settimane 16. Spoleto: Presso la Sede del Centro, 1969, pages 233-298, 581-588

Haenens, Albert d’ Les invasions normandes, une catastrophe?, Paris: Flammarion, 1970.

Lund, Niels ‘The Settlers: Where Do We Get Them From - and Do We Need Them?’ Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus 24-31 August 1977, pages 147-171, edited Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote and Olaf Olsen, Mediaeval Scandinavia Supplements, 2. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981.

Musset, Lucien. ‘Participation de Vikings venus des pays celtes à la colonisation scandinave de la Normandie.’ Cahiers du Centre de recherches sur les Pays du Nord 1 (1978): pages 107-117.

Musset, Lucien. ‘Pour l’étude des relations entre les colonies scandinaves d’Angleterre et de Normandie.’ Mélanges de linguistique et de philologie Fernand Mossé in memoriam, pages 330-339. Paris: Didier, 1959.

Musset, Lucien. ‘Pour l’étude comparitive de deux fondations politiques des Vikings: Le royaume d’York et le duché de Rouen.’ Northern History 10 (1975): pages 40-54.

Périn, Patrick. ‘Les objets vikings du Musée des Antiquités de la Seine-Maritime, à Rouen’, in Recueil d’études en hommage à Lucien Musset, pages 161-88, Cahier des Annales de Normandie 23 23. Caen: Musée de Normandie, 1990.

Planchon, Michel. Quand la Normandie était aux Vikings. Paris: Fayard, 1978.

Renaud, Jean. Les Vikings et la Normandie. Rennes: Ouest-France, 1989.

Sawyer, Peter H. ‘Conquest and Colonization: Scandinavians in the Danelaw and in Normandy.’ Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress, Århus 24-31 August 1977, pages 123-131, editors Hans Bekker-Nielsen, Peter Foote and Olaf Olsen, Mediaeval Scandinavia Supplements, 2. Odense: Odense University Press, 1981.

Searle, Eleanor. ‘Frankish Rivalries and Norse Warriors’, ANS 8 (1985): pages 198-213.

Steenstrup, Johannes. ‘Études préliminaires pour servir à l’histoire des Normands et de leurs invasions.’ BSAN 10 (1882): pages 185-418.

Stenton, Frank M. ‘The Scandinavian Colonies in England and Normandy’, TRHS 4^th series, no. 27 (1945): pages 1-12.

Vogel, Walther. Die Normannen und das fränkische Reiche bis zur Gründung der Normandie (799-911), Heidelberger Ubhandlungen zur mitteren und neueren Geschichte, 14. Heidelberg: Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1906.

Zettel, Horst. Das Bild der Normannen und der Normanneneinfälle in westfränkischen, ostfränkischen und angelsächsischen Quellen des 8. bis 11. Jahrhunderts. Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1977.

The ducal period (911-1066)

Albert-Petit, A. ‘Le millénaire de la Normandie: Le traité de Saint-Clair-sur-Epte.’ Revue des deux mondes 30 (1911): pages 295-327.

Bates, David. Normandy before 1066. London: Longman, 1982, 2^nd edition, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 2003.

Bauduin, Pierre. ‘Aux origines du duché de Normandie’, Bulletin de l’Office Universitaire d’Études Normandes, no. 7 (January 1999): pages 11-12.

Deuve, Jean. La fondation du duché de Normandie. Condé-sur-Noireau: Charles Corlet, 1997.

Douglas, David C. ‘The Rise of Normandy.’ Proceedings of the British Academy (1947): pages 95-119, reprinted in D C Douglas Time and the Hour: Some Collected Papers of David C Douglas, London, Methuen, 1977, pages 95-110.

Douglas, David C. ‘Some Problems of Early Norman Chronology.’ EHR 65 (1950), pages 289-303.

Houts, Elisabeth M. C. van ‘Normandy and Byzantium in the Eleventh Century.’ Byzantion 55 (1985): pages 544-559.

Kienast, Walther. Studien über die französischen Volksstämme des Frühmittelalters, Pariser historische Studien, 7. Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann, 1968.

Körner, Sten The Battle of Hastings, England, and Europe, 1035- 1066, Bibliotheca Historica Lundensis, 14. Lund: Geerups, 1964.

Neveux, François. ‘La fondation de la Normandie et les Bretons’, in Mondes de l’Ouest et villes du monde: Regards sur les sociétés médiévales (Mélanges en l’honneur d’André Chédeville), edited by Catherine Laurent, Bernard Merdrignac, and Daniel Pichot, pages 297-309. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 1998.

Musset, Lucien. ‘Les apports anglais en Normandie de Rollon à Guillaume le Conquérant (911-1066)’, Publications de l’Association des médiévistes anglicistes 4 (1977): pages 59-82.

Musset, Lucien. ‘Ce que l’on peut savoir du Traité de Saint-Clair-sur-Epte’, Annuaire des cinq departements de la Normandie 139 (1981): pages 79-82.

Neveux, François. ‘La fondation de la Normandie et les Bretons’, in Mondes de l’Ouest et villes du monde: Regards sur les sociétés médiévales (Mélanges en l’honneur d’André Chédeville), edited by C. Laurent, B. Merdrignac, and D. Pichot, 297-309. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 1998.

Searle, Eleanor Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840-1066. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988. The book was reviewed by Donald C. Jackman in Ius Commune 18 (1991): pages 374-377.

Steenstrup, Johannes. Normandiets Historie under de syv første Hertuger, 911-1066, Mémoires de l’Académie royale des sciences et des lettres de Danemark, 7me série, Section des Lettres, 5.1. Copenhagen: Andr Fred, Høst & Søn, 1925.

The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1154)

Bates, David. ‘Normandy and England after 1066’, EHR 104 (1989): pages 851-80.

Chartrou, Josèphe. L’Anjou de 1109 à 1151: Foulque de Jerusalem et Geoffroi Plantegenêt. Paris: PUF, 1928.

Chibnall, Marjorie. ‘Normandy.’ The Anarchy of Stephen’s Reign, pages 93-115. Editor Edmund King. Oxford: OUP, 1994.

Chibnall, Marjorie The World of Orderic Vitalis. Oxford: OUP, 1984.

Crouch, David. ‘Normans and Anglo-Normans: A Divided Aristocracy?’ in England and Normandy in the Middle Ages, pages 51-68, editors David Bates and Anne Curry. London: Hambledon Press, 1994.

Garnett, George. ‘‘Franci et Angli’: The Legal Distinction between Peoples after the Conquest.’ ANS 8 (1985): pages 109-137.

Green, Judith A. ‘Unity and Disunity in the Anglo-Norman State.’ Historical Research 68 (1989): pages 115-134.

Helmerichs, Robert. ‘King Stephen’s Norman Itinerary, 1137.’ HSJ 5 (1993): pages 89-97.

Hollister, C. Warren. ‘The Anglo-Norman Succession Debate of 1126: Prelude to Stephen’s Anarchy.’ JMH 1 (1975): pages 19-39, reprinted in C Warren Hollister Monarchy, Magnates and Institutions in the Anglo-Norman World, London: Hambledon Press, 1986, pages 145-170.

Hollister, C. Warren. ‘Normandy, France and the Anglo-Norman Regnum’, Speculum 51 (1976): pages 202-242, reprinted in C Warren Hollister Monarchy, Magnates and Institutions in the Anglo-Norman World, London: Hambledon Press, 1986, pages 17-58.

Le Patourel, John. ‘The Norman Colonization of Britain’, I Normanni e la loro espansione in Europa nell’alto medioevo, Settimane 16. Spoleto: Presso la Sede del Centro, 1969, pages 409-438.

Le Patourel, John. ‘Norman Kings or Norman ‘King-Dukes’?’, Droit privé et institutions régionales: Études historiques offertes à Jean Yver, pages 469-479, editors Robert Aubreton, Robert Carabie, Olivier Guillot and Lucien Musset. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1976.

Le Patourel, John. Normandy and England 1066-1144. Stenton Lecture. Reading: University of Reading, 1970, reprinted in John Le Patourel Feudal Empires: Norman and Plantagenet, edited by Michael Jones, London: Hambledon Press, 1984.

Le Patourel, John. ‘What Did Not Happen in Stephen’s Reign?’ History 58 (1973): pages 1-17.

Leyser, Karl. ‘The Anglo-Norman Succession 1120-1125.’ ANS 13 (1990): pages 225-241.

Rulers

Bouet, Pierre. ‘Le patronage architectural des ducs de Normandie’, in L’architecture normande au Moyen Age, pages 349-67, Colloque de Cerisy-la-Salle 1994. Caen: Université de Caen, 1997.

Musset, Lucien. ‘Les sépultures des souverains normands:  Un aspect de l’idéologie du pouvoir.’ APDN, pages 19-44.

Deville, Achille. ‘Dissertation sur l’étendue des terres concédées à Rollon par le traité de Saint-Clair-sur-Epte’, Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie 7 (1833): pages 47-69.

Douglas, David C. ‘Rollo of Normandy.’ EHR 57 (1942): pages 417-436, reprinted in D C Douglas Time and the Hour: Some Collected Papers of David C Douglas, London, Methuen, 1977, pages 121-140.

Musset, Lucien. ‘L’origine de Rollon’, Annuaire des cinq departements de la Normandie 139 (1981): pages 111-114.

Richard, Isabelle. Rollon, premier duc de Normandie: Légende et réalité. Thèse, Université de Paris IV, 1993.

Richard, Isabelle. ‘Rollon, premier duc de Normandie et son mythe’, Études Germaniques 50 (1995): 691-98.

Saint-Pierre, Louis de. Rollon devant l’histoire (les origines), Paris: J. Peyronnet, 1949.

Lair, Jules. Étude sur la vie et la mort de Guillaume Longue-épée, duc de Normandie. Paris: Picard, 1893.

Choffel, Jacques. Richard sans peur, duc de Normandie (932-996), Paris: Fernand Lanore, 1999.

Breese, Lauren Wood Richard II, Duke of Normandy, Ph.D dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1967

Prentout, Henri. ‘Le règne de Richard II duc de Normandie, 996-1027: Son importance dans l’histoire.’ Academie nationale de sciences arts et belles-lettres de Caen 5 (1929): pages 57-104.

Stafford, Pauline. Queen Emma and Queen Edith:  Queenship and Women’s Power in Eleventh Century England. Oxford: Blackwell, 1997.

Prentout, Henri. ‘Notes d’histoire du Moyen Age, 3: Date de la mort de ces princes (Richard II et Richard III).’ BSAN 33 (1918): pages 212-225.

Aird, William M. ‘Frustrated Masculinity:  The Relationship between William the Conqueror, and His Son Robert Curthose’, in Masculinity in Medieval Europe, edited by Dawn Hadley, pages 39-55. London: Longman, 1999.

Choffel, Jacques. Robert de Normandie:  Le duc aux courtes bottes. Paris: Fernand Lanore, 1981.

David, Charles Wendell. Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, Harvard Historical Studies, 25. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920.

Green, Judith. ‘Robert Curthose Reassessed.’ Anglo-Norman Studies 22, pages 95-116 (1999).

Le Hardy, Gaston. ‘Le dernier des Ducs Normands: Étude critique et historique sur Robert Courte-Heuse.’ BSAN 10 (1882): pages 1-184.

William the Conqueror

Bates, David William the Conqueror. London: George Philip, 1989, reissued, Tempus 2002.

Bouvris, Jean-Michel ‘Le 9 septembre 1087, mourait Guillaume le Conquérant’, Société des sciences, arts et belles-lettres de Bayeux 29 (1987): pages 89-101.

Boüard, Michel de. Guillaume le Conquérant. Paris: Fayard, 1984.

Boüard, Michel de ‘Note sur l’appelation ‘Guillaume le Conquérant’’, in Studies in Medieval History Presented to R. Allen Brown, pages 21-26, editors Christopher Harper-Bill, Christopher J. Holdsworth and Janet L. Nelson. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1989.

Douglas, David C. William the Conqueror. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964, revised edition Yale University Press, 1996, introduction by Frank Barlow.

Hubert, Madeleine. Le grande chevauchée de Guillaume le Bâtard: Du nouveau sur l’aventure de 1047. Condé-sur-Noireau: Charles Corlet, 1987.

Lepelley, Georges. ‘Le jeunesse de Guillaume le Conquérant’, Études Normandes 59-60 (1966): pages 57-64.

Zumthor, Paul. Guillaume le Conquérant. Paris: Hachette, 1964.

Normandy

Frontiers

Bauduin, Pierre. La frontière normande aux Xe-XIe siècles:  Origin et maîtrise politique de la frontière sur les confins de la Haute-Normandie (911-1087), Thèse de doctorat, Université de Caen, 1998.

Bauduin, Pierre La Première Normandie. Sur les frontières de la Haute-Normandie: identité et construction d’une principauté, Caen: Presses universitaires de Caen, 2003.

Lefèvre, Simone. ‘La défense de la frontière normande et l’aménagement de la forêt d’Yveline par les seigneurs de Montfort’, in La Lorraine: Études archéologiques, pages 193-203. Actes du congrès national des sociétés savantes, section d’archéologie et d’histoire d’art 103. Paris: Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, 1980.

Lewis, Andrew W. ‘Observations sur la frontière franco-normande.’ Le roi de France et son royaume autour de l’an Mil, pages 147-154, editors Michel Parisse and Xavier Barral i Altet. Paris: Picard, 1992.

Musset, Lucien. ‘Considerations sur la genèse et la trace des frontières de la Normandie.’ Media in Francia: Recueil de mélanges offert à Karl Ferdinand Werner, pages 309-318. Maulévrier: Hérault, 1989.

Musset, Lucien. ‘Les frontières méridionales de la Normandie’, Annuaire des cinq départements de la Normandie 147 (1989): pages 63-67.

Musset, Lucien. ‘Normandie et Beauvaisis: Sur leur frontière, Gerberoy et sa région depuis le XIe siècle.’ Annuaire des cinq départements de la Normandie 148 (1990): pages 65-70.

Power, D. J. ‘What Did the Frontier of Angevin Normandy Comprise?’ ANS 17 (1994): pages 181-202.

Regions

Beauchesne, Marquis de ‘Le Passais, Domfront et les comtes de Montgommery.’ Revue historique et archéologique du Maine 4 (1878): pages 294-338.

Beaurepaire, François de ‘Essai sur le Pays de Caux au temps de la première abbaye de Fécamp.’ L’Abbaye bénédictine de Fécamp: Ouvrages scientifiques du XIIIe centennaire, 658-1958, 1: pages 3-21. Fécamp: L. Durand et Fils, 1959.

Béranger, J. ‘Le ‘Pagus Madriacensis’: Son origine, son étendue, ses comtes.’ Revue catholique de Normandie 16 (1906-1907): pages 89-107.

Chesnel, Paul. Le Cotentin et l’Avranchin sous les ducs de Normandie (911-1204): Institutions et état social de la Normandie. Caen: Henri Delesques, 1912.

Deck, Suzanne. ‘Le comté d’Eu sous les ducs’, AN 4 (1954): pages 99-116.

Delacampagne, Florence. ‘Seigneurs, fiefs et mottes du Cotentin (Xe-XIIe siècles): Étude historique et topographique.’ Archéologie médiévale 12 (1982): pages 175-207.

Towns

Boussard, Jacques. ‘Bayeux’, in Lexikon des Mittelalters, 1: pages 1710-1712. Munich: Artemis, 1980.

Doranlo, R. ‘Les origines de Falaise’, Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie 49 (1942-1945): pages 99-137.

Formeville, H. de. Histoire de l’ancien évêché-comté de Lisieux. Brionne: Le Portulan, 1873.

Joret, Charles. ‘Caen et Rouen’, BSAN 17 (1893-1895): pages 381-92.

Laheudrie, Edmond de Bayeux, capitale du Bessin des origines à la fin de la monarchie. Bayeux: Colas, 1945.

Lille, Jean, et al. Bretteville-sur-Odon, naissance d’une commune: Histoire d’une paroisse normande, baronnie de l’abbaye du Mont Saint-Michel (Xe-XIXe siècle). Caen: Presses universitaires de Caen, 1999.

Musset, Lucien. ‘Les villes épiscopales et la naissance des églises suburbaines en Normandie’, Revue d’histoire de l’Église en France 34 (1948): pages 5-14.

‘Normanitas’

Bennett, Matthew. ‘Stereotype Normans in Old French Vernacular Literature’, ANS 9 (1986): pages 37-57.

Bliese, John R. E. ‘The Courage of the Normans:  A Comparative Study of Battle Rhetoric.’ Nottingham Medieval Studies 35 (1991): pages 1-27.

Bliese, John R. E. ‘Rhetoric and Morale:  A Study of Battle Orations from the Central Middle Ages.’ JMH 15 (1989): pages 201-226.

Bur, Michel. ‘Les comtes de Champagne et la ‘Normanitas’: Semiologie d’un tombeau.’ ANS 3 (1980): pages 22-32.

Chibnall, Marjorie. ‘‘Racial’ Minorities in the Anglo-Norman Realm’, in Minorities and Barbarians in Medieval Life and Thought, edited by Susan J. Ridyard and Robert G. Benson, pages 49-61, Sewanee Mediaeval Studies 7. Sewanee: University of the South Press, 1996.

Davis, R. H. C. The Normans and Their Myth, London: Thames & Hudson, 1976.

Loud, G. A. ‘The ‘Gens Normannorum’: Myth or Reality?’ ANS 4 (1981): pages 104-116, reprinted in G. A. Loud Conquerors and Churchmen in Norman Italy, Aldershot, Ashgate Press, 1999.

Potts, Cassandra. ‘Atque unum ex diversis gentibus populum effecit: Historical Tradition and the Norman Identity.’ ANS 18 (1995): pages 139-152.

Fabian Women: some sources

Source 1

Beatrice Webb Fabian Tract No. 67: Women and the Factory Acts [February 1896], printed in Sally Alexander (ed.) Women's Fabian Tracts, Routledge, 1989, pp.17-32

The ladies who resist further legal regulation of women's labour usually declare that their objection is to special legislation applying only to women. They regard it as unfair, they say, that women's power to compete in the labour market should be 'hampered' by any regulation from which men are free. Any such restriction, they assert, results in the lowering of women's wages, and in diminishing the aggregate demand for women's work......Mrs Henry Fawcett and Miss Ada Heather-Bigg, for instance, usually speak of legal regulation as something which, whether for men or for women, decreases personal freedom, diminished productive capacity and handicaps the worker in the struggle for existence......It is frequently asserted as self-evident that any special limitation of women's labour must militate against their employment. If employers are not allowed to make their women work overtime, or during the night, they will, it is said, inevitably prefer to have men. Thus it is urged, any extension of Factory legislation to trades at presented unregulated must diminish the demand for women's labour. But this conclusion, which seems so obvious, really rests on a series of assumptions which are not borne out by the facts....The evolution of industry leads inevitably to an increased demand for women's labour. Immediately we substitute the factory with its use of steam power and production on a large scale for the sweater's den or the domestic workshop, we get that division of labour and application of machinery that is directly favourable to the employment of women.....We can now sum up the whole argument. The case for Factory legislation does not rest on harrowing tales of exceptional tyranny, though plenty of these can be furnished in support of it. It is based on the broad facts of the capitalist system and the inevitable results of the Industrial Revolution. A whole century of experience proves that where the conditions of the wage earner's life are left to be settled by 'free competition' and individual bargaining between master and man, the worker's 'freedom' is delusive. Where he bargains, he bargains at a serious disadvantage, and on many of the points most vital to himself and to the community he cannot bargain at all. The common middle-class objection of Factory legislation -- that it interferes with the individual liberty of the operative -- springs from ignorance of the economic position of the wage-earner. Far from diminishing personal freedom, Factory legislation positively increases the individual liberty and economic independence of the workers subject to it....the fear of women's exclusion from industrial employment is wholly unfounded. The uniform effect of Factory legislation in the past has been, by encouraging machinery, division of labour and production on a large scale, to increase the employment of women and largely to raise their status in the labour market. At this moment the neglect to apply the Factory Acts effectively to the domestic workshop is positively restricting the demand for women workers in the clothing trade....The real enemy of the woman worker is not the skilled male operative but the unskilled and half-hearted female 'amateur' who simultaneously blacklegs both the workshop and the home. The legal regulation of women's labour is required to protect the independent professional woman worker against these enemies of her own sex. Without this regulation it is futile to talk to her of the equality of men and women. With this regulation, experience teaches us that women can work their way in certain occupations to a man's skill, a man's wages and a man's sense of personal dignity and independence.

Source 2

B. L. Hutchins Fabian Tract No.157: The Working Life of Women, [June 1911] printed in Sally Alexander (ed.) Women's Fabian Tracts, Routledge, 1989, pp. 164-178

It is still the custom in some quarters to assert that 'the proper sphere for women is the home' and to assume that a decree of Providence or a natural law has marked off and separated the duties of men and women. Man, it is said, is the economic support and protector of the family, woman is its watchful guardian and nurse: whence it follows that the wife must be maintained by her husband in order to give her whole time to home and children....It is not very easy to summarise briefly the facts of woman's life and employment....But there are several points which seem to be of special importance. First, there is the curious fact that women, though physically weaker than men, seem to have a greater stability of nerves, a greater power of resistance to disease and a stronger hold of life altogether....On the other hand there are more female paupers and more female old-age pensioners than male and these facts seem to indicate that women on the whole are handicapped rather by their economic position than by physical disability....Normally working women seem to pass from one plane of social development to another, not once only but in many cases twice or thrice in their lives. We might distinguish these places as status and contract, or value-in-use or value-in-exchange. All children are born into a world of value-in-use; they are not, for some years at all events, valued at what their services will fetch in the market. At an age varying somewhere between eight and eighteen or twenty the working girl, like the boy, starts on an excursion into the world of competition and exchange; she sells her work for what it will fetch. This stage, the stage of the cash nexus, lasts for the majority of girls a few years only. If she marries and leaves work, she returns at once to the world of value-in-use: the work she does for husband, home and children is not paid at so much per unit, but is done for its own sake....Socialists will not fail to realise that the case of the mother of small children forced under a competitive system to do unskilful and ill-remunerated work and neglects the work that is all important for the State, viz., the care and nurture of its future citizens, is only the extreme instance of the anomaly of the whole position of women in an individualist industrial community.....

Source 3

M.A. Fabian Tract No. 175: The Economic Foundations of the Women's Movement [June 1914], printed in Sally Alexander (ed.) Women's Fabian Tracts, Routledge, 1989, pp. 256-282

Purely economic causes are never sufficient to account entirely for any great revolt of the human spirit. Behind every revolution there lies a spiritual striving, a grasping after an ideal felt rather than seen.....It was not until the nineteenth century that the demand of women for political, economic and educational freedom was heard among any considerable mass of the people. This extension of the demand for emancipation was due to economic changes, to those alterations in human control over environment which are associated with the substitution of mechanical power for human energy in the making of commodities.....different classes of women were affected very differently [by the Industrial Revolution]. Among the wealthier people attempts were made to preserve the subordination of women to the family unit, although the economic justification for that dependence had ceased. Among the poor the necessity for the women's contribution to the family income was so strong that they were drafted into the new forms of industrial life without any consideration of their powers or capacities....parasitism became the fate of the middle class women, ruthless exploitation that of the working class women....at the present time there are two main sections in the modern women's movement -- the movement of middle class women who are revolting against their exclusion from human activity and insisting, firstly, on their right to education...secondly, on their right to earn a livelihood for themselves, which is rapidly being won, and thirdly, to their right to share in the control of Government, the point round which the fight is now most fiercely raging. These women are primarily rebelling against the sex-exclusiveness of men, and regard independence and the right to work as the most valuable privilege to be striven for. On the other hand, there are the women of the working classes, who have been faced with a totally different problem, and who naturally react in a different way. Parasitism has never been forced on them...What the woman of the proletariat feels as her grievance is that her work is too long and too monotonous, the burden laid upon her too heavy...The working woman feels her solidarity with the men of her class rather than their antagonism to her. The reforms that she demands are not independence and the right to work, but rather protection against the unending burden of toil which she has laid upon her....these changes in the status of women cannot come about in our present individualistic society...It is only Socialism which can make possible throughout the whole fabric of society for the normal woman to attain her twin demands, independent work and motherhood.

Source 4

Barbara Caine 'Beatrice Webb and the Women's Question', History Workshop Journal, volume xiv, 1982, pp. 23-43

It seems to me that she [Beatrice Webb] is important for the history of feminism precisely because of her unease and hesitancy about the women's movement....[It] did not appear to address either her own deep conflicts as a woman, or the wider social questions with which she was concerned -- first as a social investigator and later as a Fabian socialist. Her diaries and published works show with extraordinary clarity the centrality of the 'woman question' to late nineteenth century thought, while at the same time revealing the narrow but important boundaries which separated feminists from non-feminists in terms of personal attitudes and political choices....She rarely commented on the movement, despite the fact that she was surrounded by both its supporters and its opponents...But it was not until her signing of the 'Appeal Against Female Suffrage', which appeared in The Nineteenth Century in June 1889, that she commented directly on the women's movement in her diaries. This disinterest is not wholly surprising. The entire thrust of the late Victorian women's movement was such as to make it appear irrelevant to someone like Beatrice Webb...enfranchisement was seen as the key to women's emancipation. For Beatrice, now deeply preoccupied with the problems of economic inequality and the need for labour organisation, this perspective seemed very narrow -- especially since it was only single propertied women for whom the vote was demanded. It was one thing, however, to feel critical of the political direction of the women's movement, but quite another to oppose it publicly, as Beatrice did in the anti-suffrage 'Appeal'. The explanation of this episode in My Apprenticeship is scarcely adequate. She referred to her signing the statement as a 'false step' taken in reaction against her father's over-valuing of women, her irritation at the continual discussion of women's rights by suffragists and the fact that she had not personally suffered from her lack of political rights....In 1906 she sent Millicent Fawcett a letter intended for publication in which she explained her reasons for her earlier opposition to the suffrage and for her change of mind. She had no belief in the abstract 'rights' of humanity, she told Fawcett; rather she viewed life as a 'series of obligations'. The exercise of these obligations on women's part might once have been seen as distinct from the exercise of political power, but now the extension of state involvement and legislation into all areas of social life rendered such a distinction invalid. The demand for women's suffrage would now be seen not as a "claim to rights or an abandonment of women's particular obligations, but a desire more effectively to fulfil their functions by sharing the control of state action in these directions"......Beatrice Webb's Fabianism provided a framework whereby her earlier ideas about the role of women and their need to serve and nurture others could be extended and socialised. Through serving their families and through work, women could contribute to the Common Weal. Whether or not such a contribution satisfied them personally was not the question to be asked....

Source 5

Carole Seymour-Jones Beatrice Webb. Woman of Conflict, Pandora, 1992, pp. 268

As the militant suffragette movement attracted criticism in the press after Christabel Pankhurst and Annie Kenney demanded "Votes for Women" and were arrested for spitting, a technical assault, at a political meeting in Manchester, Beatrice contacted Millicent Fawcett to say she had recanted: "As the women suffragists were being battered about rather badly, and coarse-grained men were saying coarse-grained things, I thought I might as well give a friendly pull to get things out of the mud, even at the risk of getting a little spattered myself." Her letter, which was printed in The Times, together with Louisa Creighton's change of heart, spoke of the "personal suffering and masculine ridicule" of women forced to commit a breach of the peace